Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - a short biography, the most important. What Lenin really was All about in and Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

V.Ilyin, V.Frey, Iv.Petrov, K.Tulin, Karpov, Lenin, Starik.

citizen of the Russian Empire, citizen of the RSFSR, citizen of the USSR

Kazan University, Petersburg University

Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

writer, lawyer, revolutionary

intelligentsia

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin(real name Ulyanov; April 10 (22), 1870, Simbirsk - January 21, 1924, Moscow province) - Russian, Soviet political and statesman, outstanding Russian thinker, philosopher, founder, publicist, greatest, creator, organizer and leader, founder, Chairman and, creator .

One of the most famous political figures of the 20th century, whose name is known to the whole world.

Biography

Childhood, education and upbringing

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in 1870.

Lenin's grandfather - N. V. Ulyanov, a serf from the Nizhny Novgorod province, later lived in the city of Astrakhan, was a tailor-craftsman. Father - I. N. Ulyanov, after graduating from Kazan University, taught in secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, and then was an inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. I. N. Ulyanov rose to the rank of real state councilor and received hereditary nobility. Lenin's mother - M. A. Ulyanova (nee Blank, 1835-1916), the daughter of a doctor, having received a home education, passed the exams for the title of teacher externally; devoted herself entirely to the upbringing of her children. Sisters - A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, M. I. Ulyanova and the younger brother - D. I. Ulyanov subsequently became prominent figures.

In 1879-1887, Vladimir Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium, led by F. M. Kerensky, the father of A. F. Kerensky, the future head. The spirit of protest against the tsarist system, social and national oppression, awakened early in him. Advanced Russian literature, the works of V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev and especially N. G. Chernyshevsky contributed to the formation of his revolutionary views. From his older brother Alexander, Lenin learned about Marxist literature. In 1887 he graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the law faculty of Kazan University. F. M. Kerensky was very disappointed with the choice of Volodya Ulyanov, as he advised him to enter the Faculty of History and Literature of the University due to the great success of the younger Ulyanov in Latin and literature.

In the same year, 1887, on May 8 (20), the elder brother of Vladimir Ilyich, Alexander, was executed as a member of the Narodnaya Volya conspiracy to attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander III. Three months after admission, Vladimir Ilyich was expelled for participating in student riots caused by the new university charter, the introduction of police supervision of students, and a campaign to combat. According to the inspector of students, who suffered from student unrest, Vladimir Ilyich was in the forefront of the raging students, almost with clenched fists. As a result of the unrest, Vladimir Ilyich, along with 40 other students, was arrested the next night and sent to the police station. All those arrested were expelled from the university and sent to the "place of the motherland." Later, another group of students left Kazan University in protest against the repressions. Among those who voluntarily left the university was Lenin's cousin, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Ardashev. After the petitions of Lyubov Alexandrovna Ardasheva, Vladimir Ilyich's aunt, he was sent to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province, where he lived in the Ardashevs' house until the winter of 1888-1889. From that time on, Lenin devoted his entire life to the cause of the struggle against autocracy and capitalism, to the cause of the liberation of the working people from oppression and exploitation.

Beginning of revolutionary activity

In October 1888 Lenin returned to Kazan. Here he joined one of the Marxist circles organized by N. E. Fedoseev, in which the works were studied and discussed. In 1924, N. K. Krupskaya wrote in:

Vladimir Ilyich loved Plekhanov passionately. Plekhanov played a major role in the development of Vladimir Ilyich, helped him find the correct revolutionary path, and therefore Plekhanov was surrounded by a halo for him for a long time: he experienced every slightest disagreement with Plekhanov extremely painfully.

The works of Marx and Engels played a decisive role in shaping the worldview of Lenin - he becomes a staunch Marxist.

For some time, Lenin tried to farm in the estate bought by his mother in Alakaevka (83.5 acres) in the Samara province. Under Soviet rule, a house-museum of Lenin was created in this village. In the fall of 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to Samara.

In 1891, Vladimir Ulyanov passed the exams externally for the course of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University.

In 1892-1893. Vladimir Ulyanov worked as an assistant to the Samara barrister (lawyer) N. A. Khardin, conducting most of the criminal cases, conducted "state protection". Here in Samara, he organized a circle of Marxists, established contacts with the revolutionary youth of other cities of the Volga region, and spoke with essays directed against populism. The first of Lenin's surviving works, the article "New Economic Movements in Peasant Life", belongs to the Samara period.

At the end of August 1893, Lenin moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined a Marxist circle, whose members were S. I. Radchenko, P. K. Zaporozhets, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, and others. Unshakable faith in the victory of the working class, extensive knowledge, a deep understanding of Marxism and the ability to apply it to the resolution of vital issues that worried the masses, earned the respect of the St. Petersburg Marxists and made Lenin their recognized leader. He establishes contacts with advanced workers (I. V. Babushkin, V. A. Shelgunov, and others), directs workers' circles, explains the need for a transition from circle propaganda of Marxism to revolutionary agitation among the broad proletarian masses.

Lenin was the first of the Russian Marxists to set the task of creating a party of the working class in Russia as an urgent practical task and led the struggle of the revolutionary Social Democrats for its implementation. He believed that it should be a proletarian party of a new type, in terms of its principles, forms and methods of activity, meeting the requirements of a new era - the era of imperialism and.

Having accepted the central idea of ​​Marxism about the historical mission of the working class - the grave-digger of capitalism and the creator of communist society, Lenin gives all the strength of his creative genius, all-embracing erudition, colossal energy, rare efficiency to selfless service to the cause of the proletariat, becomes a professional revolutionary, is formed as the leader of the working class.

In 1894, Lenin wrote the work "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?", in late 1894 - early 1895. - the work "The economic content of populism and its criticism in the book of Mr. Struve (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature)". Already these first major works of his were distinguished by a creative approach to the theory and practice of the labor movement. In them, Lenin subjected the subjectivism of the Narodniks and the objectivism of the “legal Marxists” to annihilating criticism, showed a consistent Marxist approach to the analysis of Russian reality, characterized the tasks of the Russian proletariat, developed the idea of ​​an alliance between the working class and the peasantry, substantiated the need to create a truly revolutionary party in Russia.

In April 1895, Lenin went abroad to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labor group. In Switzerland he met Plekhanov, in Germany - with W. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue and other figures of the international labor movement. In September 1895, returning from abroad, Lenin visited Vilnius, Moscow, and Orekhovo-Zuevo, where he established contacts with local Social Democrats. In the autumn of 1895, on his initiative, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class", which was the embryo of a revolutionary proletarian party, for the first time in Russia began to unite scientific socialism with the mass workers' movement.

The "Union of Struggle" carried out active propaganda activities among the workers, they issued more than 70 leaflets. On the night of December 8 (20) to December 9 (21), 1895, Lenin, along with his associates in the Union of Struggle, was arrested and imprisoned, from where he continued to lead the Union. In prison, he writes "The Project and Explanation of the Program of the Social Democratic Party", a number of articles and leaflets, prepares materials for his book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia". In February 1897 he was exiled for 3 years to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. For active revolutionary work, N. K. Krupskaya was also sentenced to exile. As the bride of Lenin, she was also sent to Shushenskoye, where she became his wife. Here Lenin established and maintained contact with the Social Democrats of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh and other cities, with the Emancipation of Labor group, corresponded with the Social Democrats who were in exile in the North and Siberia, rallied the exiled socialists around him. Democrats of the Minusinsk District. In exile, Lenin wrote over 30 works, including the book The Development of Capitalism in Russia and the pamphlet The Tasks of the Russian Social Democrats, which were of great importance for the development of the program, strategy and tactics of the party.

By the end of the 90s, under the pseudonym "K. Tulin ”V. I. Ulyanov is gaining fame in Marxist circles. In exile, Ulyanov also advised local peasants on legal issues and drafted legal documents for them.

First emigration -

In 1898, Minsk took place, proclaiming the formation of the Social Democratic Party in Russia and publishing the Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. Lenin agreed with the main provisions of the Manifesto. However, the party has not actually been created yet. The congress, which took place without the participation of Lenin and other prominent Marxists, was unable to develop a program and party charter, to overcome the disunity of the social democratic movement. In addition, all members of the Central Committee elected by the congress and most of the delegates were immediately arrested; many of the organizations represented at the congress were crushed by the police. The leaders of the Union of Struggle, who were in Siberian exile, decided to unite the numerous Social Democratic organizations and Marxist circles scattered throughout the country with the help of an all-Russian illegal political newspaper. Fighting for the creation of a proletarian party of a new type, irreconcilable to opportunism, Lenin opposed the international Social Democracy (E. Bernstein and others) and their supporters in Russia (the "economists"). In 1899, he compiled the "Protest of the Russian Social Democrats", directed against "". The "Protest" was discussed and signed by 17 exiled Marxists.

After the end of his exile, on January 29 (February 10), 1900, Lenin left Shushenskoye. On his way to his new place of residence, Lenin stopped in Ufa, Moscow and other cities, illegally visited St. Petersburg, establishing ties with the Social Democrats everywhere. Having settled in Pskov in February 1900, Lenin did a great job of organizing the newspaper, and in a number of cities he created strongholds for it. On July 29, 1900, he went abroad, where he set up the publication of the Iskra newspaper. Lenin was the direct head of the newspaper. The editorial board of the newspaper included three representatives of the emigrant group "Emancipation of Labor" - Plekhanov, P. B. Axelrod and V. I. Zasulich and three representatives of the "Union of Struggle" - Lenin and Potresov. The newspaper had an average circulation of 8,000 copies, with some issues up to 10,000 copies. The distribution of the newspaper was facilitated by the creation of a network of underground organizations on the territory of the Russian Empire. Iskra played an exceptional role in the ideological and organizational preparation of the revolutionary proletarian party, in demarcation with the opportunists. It became the center for uniting party forces and educating party cadres.

In 1900-1905. Lenin lived in Munich, London, Geneva. In December 1901, for the first time, he signed one of his articles, published in, with the pseudonym "Lenin".

In the struggle to create a new type of party, Lenin's work What Is To Be Done? Painful questions of our movement. In it, Lenin criticized "economism", highlighted the main problems of building the party, its ideology and politics. The most important theoretical issues were outlined by him in the articles "The Agrarian Program of Russian Social Democracy" (1902), "The National Question in Our Program" (1903).

Participation in the work of the II Congress of the RSDLP (1903)

From July 17 to August 10, 1903 was held in London. Lenin took an active part in the preparation of the congress not only with his articles in Iskra and Zarya; since the summer of 1901, together with Plekhanov, he worked on a draft party program, prepared a draft charter, drew up a work plan and drafts of almost all resolutions for the upcoming party congress. The program consisted of two parts - the minimum program and the maximum program; the first involved the overthrow of tsarism and the establishment of a democratic republic, the destruction of the remnants of serfdom in the countryside, in particular the return to the peasants of the lands cut off from them by the landlords during the abolition of serfdom (the so-called "segments"), the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the recognition of the right of nations to self-determination and the establishment of equality nations; the maximum program determined the ultimate goal of the party - the structure and conditions for achieving this goal - and .

At the congress itself, Lenin was elected to the bureau, worked on the program, organizational and mandate commissions, chaired a number of meetings and spoke on almost all issues on the agenda.

Organizations that were in solidarity with Iskra (and were called Iskra) and those that did not share its position were invited to participate in the congress. During the discussion of the program, a controversy arose between the supporters of Iskra, on the one hand, and the "economists" (for whom the provision on the dictatorship of the proletariat turned out to be unacceptable) and the Bund (on the national question) on the other; as a result, 2 "Economists" and later 5 Bundists left the congress.

But the discussion of the Party Rules, Clause 1, which defined the concept of a Party member, revealed disagreements among the Iskra-ists themselves, who were divided into "hard" (supporters of Lenin) and "soft" (supporters of Martov). “In my draft,” Lenin wrote after the congress, “the definition was as follows: “A member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party is anyone who recognizes its program and supports the party both with material means and personal participation in one of the party organizations.” Martov, instead of the underlined words, suggested saying: work under the control and leadership of one of the party organizations ... We argued that it was necessary to narrow the concept of a party member in order to separate the workers from the talkers, to eliminate organizational chaos, to eliminate such disgrace and such absurdity, so that there could be organizations consisting of party members, but not party organizations, etc. Martov stood for the expansion of the party and spoke of a broad class movement requiring a broad - vague organization, etc. ... "Under control and leadership," I said, - mean in fact no more and no less than: without any control and without any leadership. The wording of paragraph 1 proposed by Martov was supported by 28 votes to 22, with 1 abstention; but after the departure of the Bundists and economists, Lenin's group won a majority in the elections to the Central Committee of the party; this accidental, as subsequent events showed, forever divided the party into "Bolsheviks" and "Mensheviks".

Nevertheless, despite this, the process of unification of revolutionary Marxist organizations was actually completed at the congress and the party of the working class of Russia was formed on the ideological, political and organizational principles developed by Lenin. A proletarian party of a new type, the Bolshevik Party, was created. “Bolshevism has existed, as a current of political thought and as a political party, since 1903,” wrote Lenin in 1920. After the congress, he launched a struggle against Menshevism. In the work "" (1904), Lenin exposed the anti-party activities of the Mensheviks, substantiated the organizational principles of the proletarian party of a new type.

First Russian Revolution (1905-1907)

The revolution of 1905-1907 found Lenin abroad, in Switzerland. During this period, Lenin directed the work of the Bolshevik Party in leading the masses.

At a meeting held in London in April 1905, Lenin emphasized that the main task of the ongoing revolution was to put an end to the autocracy and the remnants of serfdom in Russia. Despite the bourgeois nature of the revolution, its main driving force was to be the working class, as the most interested in its victory, and its natural ally was the peasantry. Having approved the point of view of Lenin, the congress determined the tactics of the party: organizing strikes, demonstrations, preparing an armed uprising.

At the IV (1906), congresses of the RSDLP, in the book "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution" (1905) and numerous articles, Lenin developed and substantiated the strategic plan and tactics of the Bolshevik Party in the revolution, criticized the opportunist line of the Mensheviks.

At the first opportunity, on November 8, 1905, Lenin illegally, under a false name, arrived in St. Petersburg and headed the work of the Central and St. Petersburg Committees of the Bolsheviks elected by the congress; paid great attention to the management of the newspapers "New Life", "Proletary", "Forward". Under the leadership of Lenin, the party was preparing an armed uprising.

In the summer of 1906, due to police persecution, Lenin moved to Kuokkala (Finland), in December 1907 he was again forced to emigrate to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to France (Paris).

Second emigration ( - April )

In early January 1908, Lenin returned to Switzerland. The defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907 did not force him to fold his hands, he considered the repetition of the revolutionary upsurge inevitable. “Broken armies learn well,” wrote Lenin.

In 1912, he decisively broke with the Mensheviks, who insisted on the legalization of the RSDLP.

The first issue of the legal Bolshevik newspaper Pravda was published. Lenin was in fact its editor-in-chief. He wrote articles to Pravda almost daily, sent letters in which he gave instructions, advice, and corrected editorial errors. For 2 years, about 270 Leninist articles and notes were published in Pravda. Also in exile, Lenin led the activities of the Bolsheviks in the Fourth State Duma, was the representative of the RSDLP in the Second International, wrote articles on party and national issues, and studied philosophy.

From the end of 1912, Lenin lived on the territory of Austria-Hungary. Here, in the Galician town of Poronin, he was caught by the First World War. Austrian gendarmes arrested Lenin, declaring him a tsarist spy. To release him, the help of the deputy of the Austrian parliament, the socialist V. Adler, was required. To the question of the Habsburg minister "Are you sure that Ulyanov is an enemy of the tsarist government?" Adler replied: "Oh, yes, more accursed than Your Excellency." Lenin was released from prison, and after 17 days he was already in Switzerland. Shortly after his arrival, Lenin announced his theses on the war at a meeting of a group of Bolshevik émigrés. He said that the war that had begun was imperialist, unjust on both sides, and alien to the interests of the working people.

Many modern historians accuse Lenin of defeatist moods, but he himself explained his position as follows: A lasting and just peace - without robbery and violence of the victors over the vanquished, a world in which no people would be oppressed, it is impossible to achieve while the capitalists are in power . Only the people themselves can put an end to the war and conclude a just, democratic peace. And for this, the working people must turn their weapons against the imperialist governments, turn the imperialist massacre into a civil war, into a revolution against the ruling classes, and take power into their own hands. Therefore, whoever wants a lasting, democratic peace must be in favor of a civil war against the governments and the bourgeoisie. Lenin put forward the slogan of revolutionary defeatism, the essence of which was to vote against war loans to the government (in parliament), to create and strengthen revolutionary organizations among workers and soldiers, to combat government patriotic propaganda, and to support the fraternization of soldiers at the front. At the same time, Lenin considered his position deeply patriotic: “We love our language and our homeland, we are full of a sense of national pride, and that is why we especially hate our slave past ... and our slave present.”

At party conferences in Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916), Lenin defended his thesis about the need to transform the imperialist war into a civil war and at the same time argued that a socialist revolution could win in Russia (“Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism”). In general, the attitude of the Bolsheviks towards the war was reflected in a simple slogan: "The defeat of your government."

Return to Russia

April - July 1917. "April theses"

July - October 1917

Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917

After the Revolution and during the Civil War (-)

Last years ( -)

Illness and death

Key Ideas

Analysis of capitalism and imperialism as its highest stage

Lenin's awards

Official lifetime award

The only official state award that V. I. Lenin was awarded was the Order of Labor of the Khorezm People's Socialist Republic (1922).

Lenin did not have other state awards, both from the RSFSR and the USSR, and from foreign states.

Titles and awards

In 1917, Norway took the initiative to award the Nobel Peace Prize to Vladimir Lenin, with the wording "For the triumph of the ideas of peace", as a response to the "Decree on Peace" issued in Soviet Russia, which led Russia out of the First World War separately. The Nobel Committee rejected this proposal due to the delay of the application by the deadline - February 1, 1918, however, it decided that the committee would not object to awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to V. I. Lenin if the existing Russian government establishes peace and calm in the country (as you know, the path to establishing peace in Russia was blocked, which began in 1918). Lenin's idea of ​​turning the imperialist war into a civil war was formulated in his work "Socialism and War", written back in July-August 1915.

In 1919, by order of V. I. Lenin, he was admitted to the honorary Red Army soldiers of the 1st department of the 1st platoon of the 1st company of the 195th Yeisk Infantry Regiment.

Aliases of Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (real name - Ulyanov) is a great Russian political and public figure, revolutionary, founder of the RSDLP party (Bolsheviks), creator of the first socialist state in history.

The years of Lenin's life: 1870 - 1924.

Lenin is known primarily as one of the leaders of the great October Revolution of 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown and Russia turned into a socialist country. Lenin was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the new Russia - the RSFSR, considered the founder of the USSR.

Vladimir Ilyich was not only one of the most prominent political leaders in the entire history of Russia, he was also known as the author of many theoretical works on politics and social sciences, the founder of the theory of Marxism-Leninism and the creator and main ideologist of the Third International (an alliance of communist parties from different countries) .

Brief biography of Lenin

Lenin was born on April 22 in the city of Simbirsk, where he lived until the end of the Simbirsk gymnasium in 1887. After graduating from the gymnasium, Lenin left for Kazan and entered the university there at the Faculty of Law. In the same year, Alexander, Lenin's brother, was executed for participating in the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander 3 - this becomes a tragedy for the whole family, as it is about Alexander's revolutionary activities.

While studying at the university, Vladimir Ilyich is an active participant in the banned Narodnaya Volya circle, and also participates in all student riots, for which he is expelled from the university three months later. A police investigation carried out after the student riot revealed Lenin's connections with forbidden societies, as well as his brother's participation in the assassination of the Emperor - this entailed a ban on Vladimir Ilyich to recover at the university and the installation of close supervision over him. Lenin was included in the list of "unreliable" persons.

In 1888, Lenin again came to Kazan and joined one of the local Marxist circles, where he began to actively study the works of Marx, Engels and Plekhanov, which in the future would have a huge impact on his political self-consciousness. Around this time, Lenin's revolutionary activity begins.

In 1889, Lenin moved to Samara and there he continued to look for supporters of a future coup d'état. In 1891, he externally took exams for the course of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. At the same time, under the influence of Plekhanov, his views evolved from populist to social democratic, and Lenin developed his first doctrine, which laid the foundation for Leninism.

In 1893, Lenin came to St. Petersburg and got a job as an assistant lawyer, while continuing to conduct an active journalistic activity - he published many works in which he studied the process of capitalization of Russia.

In 1895, after a trip abroad, where Lenin met with Plekhanov and many other public figures, he organized the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" in St. Petersburg and began an active struggle against the autocracy. For his activities, Lenin was arrested, spent a year in prison, and then sent into exile in 1897, where, however, he continued his activities, despite the prohibitions. During the exile, Lenin was officially married to his common-law wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya.

In 1898, the first secret congress of the Social Democratic Party (RSDLP) was held, headed by Lenin. Soon after the Congress, all its members (9 people) were arrested, but the beginning of the revolution was laid.

The next time, Lenin returned to Russia only in February 1917 and immediately became the head of another uprising. Despite being ordered to arrest him pretty soon, Lenin continues his activities illegally. In October 1917, after the coup d'etat and the overthrow of the autocracy, power in the country completely passes to Lenin and his party.

Lenin's reforms

From 1917 until his death, Lenin was engaged in the reformation of the country in accordance with social democratic ideals:

• Makes peace with Germany, creates the Red Army, which takes an active part in the civil war of 1917-1921;
• Creates the NEP - the new economic policy;
• Gives civil rights to peasants and workers (the working class becomes the main one in the new political system of Russia);
• Reforms the church, seeking to replace Christianity with a new "religion" - communism.

He dies in 1924 after a sharp deterioration in health. By order of Stalin, the body of the leader is placed in a mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.

The role of Lenin in the history of Russia

The role of Lenin in the history of Russia is enormous. He was the main ideologist of the revolution and the overthrow of the autocracy in Russia, organized the Bolshevik Party, which was able to come to power in a fairly short time and completely change Russia politically and economically. Thanks to Lenin, Russia turned from an Empire into a socialist state based on the ideas of communism and the rule of the working class.

The state created by Lenin existed for almost the entire 20th century and became one of the strongest in the world. Lenin's personality is still controversial among historians, but everyone agrees that he is one of the greatest world leaders that ever existed in world history.

November 7, 1917

February 21, 1920

According to his recommendations December 30, 1922

January 21, 1924

Posthumous awards

Works of Vladimir Lenin

The main works of Lenin

What to do? (1902)

Marxism and Revisionism (1908)

Socialism and War (1915)

On dual power (1917)

Great Initiative (1919)

Tasks of Youth Unions (1920)

About the pogrom persecution of Jews (1924)

What is Soviet power? (1919, published: 1928)

On Left Childishness and Petty-Bourgeoisness (1918)

About Our Revolution (1923)

Letter to the Congress (1922, announced: 1924, published: 1956)

Speeches recorded on gramophone records

In 1919-1921. V. I. Lenin recorded 16 speeches on gramophone records, including “The Third Communist International”, “Appeal to the Red Army” and the especially popular “What is Soviet power?”, which was considered the most successful in technical terms.

During the next recording session on April 5, 1920, 3 speeches were recorded - “On work for transport”, part 1 and part 2, “On labor discipline” and “How to save the working people forever from the oppression of landlords and capitalists.” Another record, most likely dedicated to the outbreak of the Polish war, was damaged and lost in the same 1920.

The five speeches recorded during the last session on April 25, 1921 proved technically unsuitable for mass production. Of these, only three were restored and released for the first time on long-playing discs - one of the two speeches "On the tax in kind", "On consumer and industrial cooperation" and "Non-party and Soviet power".

In addition to the second speech “On the Tax in Kind”, which has not been found, the entry of 1921 “On Concessions and the Development of Capitalism” has not yet been published. The first part of the speech "On work for transport" has not been reprinted since 1929, and the speech "On the pogrom persecution of Jews" has not appeared on discs since the early 1940s.

Memory of Vladimir Lenin

The asteroid (852) Vladilena is named after Lenin.

The name of Lenin is present in the first message to extraterrestrial civilizations - "Peace", "Lenin", "USSR" - by 2014 it has covered a distance of 51 light years.

Several pennants with a bas-relief of Lenin were delivered to Venus, as well as to the Moon.

Already in the post-Soviet period, Leninia, a species of ichthyosaurs, was named after Lenin.

Cult of personality

An extensive cult arose around the name of Lenin during the Soviet period. The former capital Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. Cities, towns and streets were named after Lenin, in each city there was a monument to Lenin. Lenin's quotations proved statements in journalism and scientific papers.

Monuments to Lenin became part of the Soviet tradition of monumental art. After the collapse of the USSR, many monuments to Lenin were dismantled, repeatedly subjected to vandalism, including blowing up.

Image in culture and art

A lot of memoirs, poems, poems, short stories, novels and novels, films about Lenin have been published. In the USSR, the opportunity to play Lenin in a movie or on stage was considered for an actor a sign of high confidence shown by the leadership of the CPSU. Among the documentaries: "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1948) by Mikhail Romm, "Three Songs about Lenin" (1934) by Dziga Vertov. Among the games - "Lenin in October" (1937), "Man with a gun" (1938).

A lot of memoirs, poems, poems, short stories, short stories and novels about Lenin have been published in the USSR. Many films about Lenin were also made. In Soviet times, the opportunity to play Lenin in a movie or on stage was considered for an actor a sign of high trust placed by the leadership of the CPSU.

Family of Vladimir Lenin

Father - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831-1886), inspector of public schools.
Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835-1916).

Eight children were born in the family (two died in infancy).

Brothers and sisters of Lenin:

Anna Ilyinichna Elizarova-Ulyanova (1864-1935);
Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov (1866-1887);
Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova (1871-1891);
Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov (1874-1943);
Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova (1878-1937).

Wife - Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869-1939). Marriage from 1898 until his death.

21.01.1924

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich

Russian Revolutionary

Creator of the socialist state

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (1923-1924)

Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR (1923-1924)

Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense of the RSFSR (1920-1923)

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (1918-1922)

Chairman of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense of the RSFSR (1918-1920)

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSR (1917-1918)

Russian revolutionary. Great theoretician of Marxism. Soviet statesman. Founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks). The main organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia. First Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of Russia. Creator of the first socialist state in world history. Marxist. Publicist. Founder of Marxism-Leninism. Ideologist and creator of the Third (Communist) International. Founder of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. First Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The scope of the main political and journalistic works: materialist philosophy, the theory of Marxism, criticism of capitalism and imperialism, the theory and practice of implementing the socialist revolution, building socialism and communism, political economy of socialism.

Vladimir Ulyanov was born on April 22, 1870 in the city of Ulyanovsk. The boy was born in the family of the inspector of public schools of the Simbirsk province Ilya Nikolaevich and the housewife Maria Alexandrovna. Until the age of seventeen, the young man studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium and graduated with a gold medal, after which he entered the law faculty of Kazan University.

Until 1887, nothing is known about any revolutionary activity of Vladimir Ulyanov. He accepted Orthodox baptism and belonged to the Simbirsk religious Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh. His grades in the law of God in the gymnasium were excellent, as in all other subjects. There is only one B on his Abitur: in logic. The first award was presented while still in the gymnasium: a book with gold embossing on the cover: “For good manners and successes” and a commendation sheet.

In 1887, a tragedy broke the quiet life of the Ulyanov family. Vladimir's elder brother, Alexander, was executed as a member of the Narodnaya Volya conspiracy to attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander III. What happened was a deep wound for the Ulyanov family.

After that, at the university, Vladimir entered the illegal student circle of the "Narodnaya Volya" headed by Lazar Bogoraz. Three months after admission, he was expelled for participating in student riots. According to the inspector of students, who suffered from student unrest, Ulyanov was in the forefront of the raging students. The next night, Vladimir, along with forty other students, is arrested and sent to the police station. All those arrested were expelled from the university and sent to the "place of the motherland" in the manner typical for the period of the reign of Alexander III of the methods of combating "disobedience".

During the police investigation, Ulyanov's connections with the illegal circle of Bogoraz were revealed, and also because of the execution of his brother, he was included in the list of "unreliable" persons subject to supervision. For the same reason, he was forbidden to recover at the university.

At the same time, Vladimir Ilyich read a lot. The future revolutionary studied the "progressive" journals and books of the 1860s and 1870s, especially the works of Nikolai Chernyshevsky, which, in his own words, had a decisive influence on him. It was a difficult time for all of the Ulyanovs: the Simbirsk society boycotted them because ties to the family of an executed terrorist could draw unwanted attention from the police.

It was only in 1890 that the authorities softened and allowed Ulyanov to study externally for the exams for a lawyer. In November 1891, Vladimir Ilyich passed the exams externally for the law faculty of the Imperial St. Petersburg University.

In 1893, Ulyanov developed a doctrine that was new at that time, declaring contemporary Russia a "capitalist" country. The credo was finally formulated in 1894: "The Russian worker, having risen at the head of all democratic elements, will overthrow absolutism and lead the Russian proletariat on the straight road of open political struggle to the victorious communist revolution."

Arriving in St. Petersburg, he got a job as an assistant to a sworn attorney, lawyer Mikhail Volkenstein. In St. Petersburg, he wrote works on the problems of Marxist political economy, the history of the Russian liberation movement, the history of the capitalist evolution of the Russian post-reform village and industry. Some of them are published legally. At this time, he also developed the program of the Social Democratic Party.

In May 1895, Ulyanov went abroad, where he met with leaders of the international labor movement, and upon returning to St. Petersburg, in 1895, together with Yuli Martov and other young revolutionaries, he united the disparate Marxist circles into the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". In December 1895, like many other members of the Union, Ulyanov was arrested and kept in prison for more than a year. In 1897 he was exiled for three years to the village of Shushenskoye, Krasnoyarsk Territory.

In order for his “civilian” wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, to follow him into exile, he had to marry her in July 1898. In exile, Vladimir Ilyich wrote a book based on the collected material, The Development of Capitalism in Russia, directed against "legal Marxism" and populist theories. In total, during the exile he wrote over thirty works.

After the end of his exile in February 1900, Ulyanov and Martov toured Russian cities, establishing ties with local organizations. He arrived on February 26, 1900 in Pskov, where he was allowed to live after exile. In April 1900, an organizational meeting was held there to create the all-Russian workers' newspaper Iskra. In April 1900, illegally from Pskov, he made a one-day trip to Riga. At the talks with the Latvian Social Democrats, the issues of transporting the Iskra newspaper from abroad to Russia through the ports of Latvia were considered. The average circulation of the newspaper was 8,000 copies, and some issues: up to 10,000 copies. The distribution of the newspaper was facilitated by the creation of a network of underground organizations on the territory of the Russian Empire.

The pseudonym Lenin appeared at the future leader of the proletariat in 1901. This pseudonym began to sign his printed works. And it was under this name that he went down in history.

From July 17 to August 10, 1903, the II Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was held in London. Lenin, together with Georgy Plekhanov, worked on the draft program of the party, which consisted of two parts: the minimum program and the maximum program. The first assumed the overthrow of tsarism and the establishment of a democratic republic, the destruction of the remnants of serfdom in the countryside, in particular the return to the peasants of the lands cut off from them by the landlords when serfdom was abolished, the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the recognition of the right of nations to self-determination and the establishment of equality of nations. The maximum program determined the ultimate goal of the party - the building of a socialist society and the conditions for achieving this goal - the socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat.

The proposed wording was supported by 28 votes to 22, with one abstention. In the elections to the Central Committee of the RSDLP, Lenin's group received a majority. This accidental circumstance forever divided the party into "Bolsheviks" and "Mensheviks".

The revolution of 1905 found Lenin abroad, in Switzerland. At the Third Congress of the RSDLP, held in London in April 1905, Vladimir Ilyich emphasized that the main task of the ongoing revolution was to put an end to the autocracy and the remnants of serfdom in Russia.

In early November 1905, Lenin illegally arrived in St. Petersburg and headed the work of the Central and St. Petersburg Committees of the Bolsheviks elected by the congress. He paid much attention to the leadership of the New Life newspaper. Under his leadership, the party was preparing an armed uprising. At the same time, Vladimir Ilyich wrote the book "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in a Democratic Revolution", in which he pointed out the need for the hegemony of the proletariat and an armed uprising. In the struggle to win the peasantry over to his side, Lenin wrote the pamphlet Towards the Rural Poor. In December 1905, the 1st Conference of the RSDLP was held in Tammerfors, where Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin met for the first time.

When the First World War began, Lenin lived on the territory of Austria-Hungary. Due to suspicion of spying for the Russian government, he was arrested by the Austrian gendarmes and was released from prison only on August 6, 1914. After 17 days in Switzerland, he took part in a meeting of a group of Bolshevik emigrants, where he announced his theses on the war. In his opinion, the outbreak of the war was imperialist, unfair on both sides.

In February 1916, Lenin moved to Zurich. Here he finished his work "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism", collaborated with the Swiss Social Democrats, attended party meetings. I also learned from the newspapers about the February Revolution in Russia.

Already on April 3, 1917, Vladimir Ilyich returned to Russia. The Petrograd Soviet organized a solemn meeting for him. However, Lenin's very first speech at the Finland Station immediately after his arrival ended with a call for a "social revolution" and caused embarrassment even among Lenin's supporters.

The next day, April 4, he made a report to the Bolsheviks. In this report, Lenin sharply opposed the sentiments that prevailed in Russia among the Social Democracy in general and the Bolsheviks in particular, and which boiled down to the idea of ​​expanding the bourgeois-democratic revolution, supporting the Provisional Government and defending the revolutionary fatherland in the war, which changed its character with the fall of the autocracy. He demanded extensive anti-war propaganda, since, according to him, the war on the part of the Provisional Government continued to be imperialistic and "predatory" in nature.

In July 1917, the Provisional Government ordered the arrest of Lenin and a number of prominent Bolsheviks on charges of high treason and organizing an armed uprising. Vladimir Ilyich again went underground. During this period, he wrote one of his fundamental works: The State and Revolution.

Arriving illegally on October 20, 1917 from Vyborg to Petrograd, Lenin in the Smolny Palace began to lead the uprising, the direct organizer of which was the chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, Lev Trotsky. On the night of November 7, 1917 The Provisional Government was arrested and already on November 7, 1917, Lenin wrote an appeal for the overthrow of the Provisional Government.

On the same day, at the opening of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a government was formed: the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. Two months later, on January 5, 1918, the Constituent Assembly opened, the majority in which were received by the Socialist-Revolutionaries, representing the interests of the peasants, who at that time made up 80% of the country's population. With their support, Lenin presented the Constituent Assembly with a choice: ratify the power of the Soviets and the decrees of the Bolshevik government, or disperse. The Constituent Assembly, which did not agree with this formulation of the question, lost its quorum and was forcibly dissolved.

On January 15, 1918, Vladimir Ilyich signed a decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of the Red Army. In accordance with the Decree on Peace, it is necessary to withdraw from the world war. Despite the opposition of the left communists and Leon Trotsky, on March 3, 1918, Lenin achieved the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.

The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, in protest against the signing and ratification of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, withdrew from the Soviet government. Fearing the capture of Petrograd by German troops, at the suggestion of Lenin on March 10, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the RCP (b) moved to Moscow, which became the new capital of Soviet Russia.

Against the backdrop of these events, on August 30, 1918, an assassination attempt was made on Vladimir Lenin, according to the official version: by the Social Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan, which led to a serious injury. After the assassination attempt, the leader of the revolution was successfully operated on, and on September 4, the criminal was shot.

Lenin devoted considerable attention to the development of the country's economy. He believed that in order to restore the economy destroyed by the war, it was necessary to organize the state into a "nationwide, state" syndicate ". Soon after the revolution, Vladimir Ilyich set the task for scientists to develop a plan for the reorganization of industry and the economic revival of Russia, and also contributed to the development of the country's science.

After the end of the Civil War, Soviet Russia managed to break through the economic blockade thanks to the establishment of diplomatic relations with Germany and the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo. Peace treaties have been concluded with a number of border states: Finland, Estonia, Poland, Turkey, Iran, Mongolia. The most active was the support of Turkey, Afghanistan and Iran, which resisted European colonialism.

By decision of the government of the Soviet country, the GOELRO electrification program was developed and February 21, 1920 State commission for electrification of Russia. The restoration of the national economy of the country was the main task. The development of industrial enterprises suffered greatly from the lack of electrical energy. The commission included: Ivan Alexandrov, Heinrich Graftio, Alexander Kogan, Karl Krug, Boris Ugrimov, Mikhail Shatelen and others. Gleb Maksimovich Krzhizhanovsky headed the State Commission.

The economic and political situation required the Bolsheviks to change their previous policy. In this regard, at the insistence of Lenin, in 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP (b), “war communism” was abolished, food distribution was replaced by a food tax. The so-called new economic policy was introduced, which allowed private free trade and enabled large sections of the population to independently seek those means of subsistence that the state could not give them.

At the same time, Lenin insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation. Vladimir Ilyich believed that in anticipation of a world proletarian revolution, while holding all large-scale industry in the hands of the state, it was necessary to gradually build socialism in one country. All this could, in his opinion, help to put the backward Soviet country on the same level with the most developed European countries.

According to his recommendations December 30, 1922 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created. In 1923, Lenin wrote his last works: "On Cooperation", "How We Reorganize the Workers' Committee", "Better Less, But Better", in which he offers his vision of the economic policy of the Soviet state and measures to improve the work of the state apparatus and the party. After that, the revolutionary had to step down from power due to a sharp deterioration in health.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin passed away January 21, 1924 in the estate of Gorki, Moscow region. The official conclusion on the cause of death in the autopsy report read: 1) increased circulatory disorders in the brain; 2) hemorrhage in the pia mater in the region of the quadrigemina. After his death, the body of Vladimir Lenin was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.

Results of the Activities of Vladimir Lenin

Results of activities and transformations carried out under the leadership of V.I. Lenin:

The Soviet state developed its own methods of moral and material incentives for labor: various social payments, the construction of free housing, the organization of free health care, including the development of a wide network of free sanatoriums for workers, free education, transport, industrial clothing, payments in kind, the creation of normal conditions, organization rest, after Lenin’s decree of June 14, 1918 “On holidays”, for the first time in the history of Russia, all workers received a state-guaranteed right to leave, etc. - all this contributed to an increase in labor productivity and the conviction of the majority of the population that the new government has its main with the aim of improving the living conditions of workers. For the first time in the history of Russia, workers received the right to old-age pensions.

Despite the largely just accusations of the political opponents of the socialist system of excessive equalization of the socialist wage system, this system contributed to the formation of social homogeneity and the constitution of the Soviet people, which has a common civic identity, although the socialist wage system, in the context of its equalization, was also criticized by of the highest Soviet officials, it constantly developed and differentiated on the basis of many criteria, where one of the main ones was the assessment of the real contribution of a citizen to the labor and social life of the country.

The most important element in overcoming social inequality and building a new society for V. Lenin was the development of education, ensuring equal access to education for all workers, regardless of their national origin and gender differences. In October 1918, at the suggestion of V. I. Lenin, the “Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR” was introduced, which introduced free and joint education of school-age children. Modern researchers note that the communist attack on the system of distributing scientific statuses began in 1918 and it ended not so much in the "re-education of the bourgeois professors" as in establishing equal access to education and the destruction of class privileges, which included the privilege of being educated.

Lenin's policy in the field of education, ensuring its accessibility to all groups of workers served as the basis for the fact that in 1959 the political opponents of the USSR believed that the Soviet education system, especially in engineering and technical specialties, occupies a leading position in the world.

Lenin's health policy, based on the principles of free and equal access to medical care for all social groups of the population, contributed to the fact that medicine in the USSR was recognized as one of the best in the world.

Awards and Recognition of Vladimir Lenin

The only official state award that V. I. Lenin was awarded was the Order of Labor of the Khorezm People's Socialist Republic.

In 1919, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, Vladimir Lenin was admitted to the honorary Red Army soldiers of the 1st division, 1st platoon, 1st company, 195th Yeysk rifle regiment.

Posthumous awards

On January 22, 1924, Lenin's secretary, Nikolai Gorbunov, removed the Order of the Red Banner (No. 4274) from his jacket and pinned it to the jacket of the already deceased Lenin. This award was on the body of Lenin until 1943, and Gorbunov himself received a duplicate of the order in 1930. Nikolai Podvoisky did the same, standing in the guard of honor at the coffin of Lenin. Another Order of the Red Banner was laid at the coffin of Lenin along with a wreath from the Military Academy of the Red Army. Currently, the orders are kept in the Lenin Museum in Moscow.

Works of Vladimir Lenin

In the USSR, five collected works of Lenin and forty "Lenin collections" were published, compiled by the Lenin Institute specially created by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for the study of Lenin's creative heritage. However, even the last, 5th, collection of works in 55 volumes, called "complete", could not claim to be either objective and academic, or complete. Many of the works included in it were edited and corrected before publication, many of Lenin's works were not included in it at all.

In Soviet times, a collection of selected works was periodically published, in two to four volumes. In addition, in 1984-1987, Selected Works was published in 10 volumes (11 books).

The main works of Lenin

What are "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats? (1894)

"On a Characterization of Economic Romanticism", (1897)

What legacy are we giving up? (1897)

The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899)

What to do? (1902)

One Step Forward, Two Steps Back (1904)

Party Organization and Party Literature (1905)

Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution (1905)

Marxism and Revisionism (1908)

Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909)

Three Sources and Three Components of Marxism (1913)

On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination (1914)

On the Violation of Unity Covered by Cries of Unity (1914)

Karl Marx (short biographical sketch outlining Marxism) (1914)

Socialism and War (1915)

Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism (Popular Essay) (1916)

State and Revolution (1917)

The tasks of the proletariat in our revolution (1917)

The Impending Catastrophe and How to Fight It (1917)

On dual power (1917)

How to Organize a Competition (1918)

Great Initiative (1919)

Childhood Disease of "Leftism" in Communism (1920)

Tasks of Youth Unions (1920)

On the food tax (1921)

Pages from a diary, About cooperation (1923)

Lenin's activity is ambiguously assessed by modern historians. Some are inclined to believe that he laid a powerful foundation for the development of Soviet Russia, directing it to the path of industrialization and carrying out a number of important social reforms. Others believe that Lenin's activities were destructive for the country, and many of his ideas were utopian and showed their failure. Nevertheless, he is without a doubt considered the most famous and successful revolutionary, who was distinguished by a lively mind and a fiery faith in the ideas of communism.

What did Lenin do for Russia?

Among the leading merits of the leader of the proletariat are the following:

1. Development of the educational system. Lenin believed that education should be accessible to everyone. After all, only a society of literate and comprehensively developed citizens is able to build a bright future. If earlier a good education was the privilege of the nobility, now it has become publicly available;
2. Free and quality healthcare for everyone. Lenin's health care reform was very successful. Although it took many years for its logical improvement, it nevertheless led the USSR to take a leading position in terms of the availability and quality of medical care. The infant mortality rate and the prevalence of infectious diseases have dropped to a minimum;
3. Elimination of sex discrimination. The wages of men and women were equalized. The spouse also received the right to file for divorce;
4. The advent of old-age pensions . Now older people could not be afraid to be left without a livelihood, especially if they did not have children who were ready to support them financially;
5. Better working conditions and fair wages . The state set labor standards that made life easier for the working class. The eight-hour day and guaranteed annual leave allowed workers to fully relax. At the same time, many representatives of the working class began to feel real social equality. For example, the gap between the salary of an unskilled employee and a specialist was reduced.

Who shot Lenin?

Several Browning shots almost ended Lenin's life when he spoke at a rally in front of the workers. The shooter was a socialist-revolutionary (member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party) Fanny Efimovna Kaplan.

The woman was detained by one of the factory workers near the scene of the assassination. According to him, Kaplan immediately admitted that she went for it because of her political beliefs.

When the detained socialist-revolutionary was brought in for interrogation, it turned out that she had extremely poor eyesight. Apparently, this saved Lenin's life. After all, Kaplan shot almost point-blank several times.

Here is an artistic reconstruction of the events that took place that day. Fragment from the film "Lenin in 1918", filmed in 1939:

Although the injuries were dangerous and later affected the health of the leader of the revolution, he quickly recovered and returned to work.

Kaplan made no secret of her hatred for Lenin. She directly called him a traitor to the revolution, whose activities alienate the bright idea of ​​socialism from Russia.

There was no trial of Kaplan as such. Considering the many witnesses and the confession of the Social Revolutionary herself, she was shot already 4 days after the assassination attempt.

Lenin died only 6 years later, on January 21, 1924, from a cerebral hemorrhage as a result of taking arsenic-containing drugs that a doctor prescribed to him.

Formation of revolutionary beliefs

Born in 1870 in the family of an inspector of public schools, Vladimir could have had the average life of an official or a member of the intelligentsia. In addition, since childhood, he easily assimilated any new material, so he deservedly received a gold medal in the gymnasium and after studying he is thinking about a career as a lawyer.

After entering the Kazan University at the Faculty of Law, Lenin began to form ideas about the injustice of the monarchical system. Several factors contributed to this:

• Execution of a brother. He was among the conspirators who planned the assassination of the emperor;
• Joining an underground anti-monarchist circle;
• Participation in student riots and subsequent expulsion.

A few years later, Vladimir still receives a law degree, but already as an external student. In 1893, he successfully combined the position of an assistant lawyer with journalistic activities. It was during this period that Lenin deeply studied the main problems associated with the capitalization of Russia.

• Vladimir begins to conduct the most active subversive activities against the monarchy in St. Petersburg. Here he becomes the head of a small movement for workers' rights. Although this circle did not hold any serious actions, the police arrest Lenin, and he, as a political prisoner, spends a year in prison.
• The conclusion did not particularly dampen the ardor of the young communist, and he was sent into exile. But even this did not become an obstacle for Lenin, he continues to actively communicate with the Social Democrats and even organizes an illegal meeting of the party.
• To avoid police persecution, Vladimir leaves for Switzerland. Pinning great hopes on the first revolution, in 1905 he returned to his homeland, again standing in the forefront among like-minded people and publishing articles in political journals.
• The unsuccessful outcome of the revolution for the Bolsheviks caused a new forced emigration. In Finland, he meets the young Georgian revolutionary Stalin, with whom he strikes up a friendship.
• It was at this time that Lenin analyzed the previous failures of the Bolshevik movement. And these reflections bore fruit in 1917. Returning at this time to Petrograd, in which a new revolutionary flame was brewing, he again becomes the head of the insurgents.
• Despite the risk of being arrested again, Lenin continues to fight, but this time with the Provisional Government, which replaced the tsar. And in the decisive days of October, he chooses the most convenient moment, starting to act tough and decisively.

Successfully taking advantage of the support of the rebel regiments and disarming the junkers, his party overthrows the provisional government and the Bolshevik government is actually established in the country.

Why did Lenin take the pseudonym Lenin?

There is no exact information about why the leader of the proletariat liked the pseudonym "Lenin". His niece believes that he did it in honor of one of the largest Siberian rivers - Lena.

However, most researchers of Ilyich's life adhere to a more prosaic version. They are sure that during the years of the revolutionary struggle against the regime, Vladimir used a fake passport of a certain Nikolai Lenin. The surname was short and sonorous, so the young revolutionary could well like it.

By the way, the matter was not limited to one pseudonym. Lenin was forced to often hide from the police and to change safe houses several times a month. That's why before coming to power, Vladimir used about 150 pseudonyms.

Why don't they bury Lenin?

The idea of ​​embalming Ilyich's body was warmly supported by his associates. Officially, this was done so that all fiery communists could say goodbye to the deceased leader of the revolution. However, there are others versions:

1. Possibility of revival. Some believed that communism would give a powerful breakthrough to humanity in the scientific field. And the time will come when Soviet scientists will be able to revive Lenin. As can be seen decades later, even if such an idea existed, it turned out to be erroneous;
2. mystical idea. Esoteric lovers suggest that representatives of the political elite who adhere to mystical views wanted to embalm Lenin. The body of Ilyich was supposed to serve as something like a "talisman" for the current government and the protection of the ideas of the revolution;
3. Attracting tourists. The most up-to-date version. Queues are still lining up for Lenin. At the same time, those who regret looking at him may be very far from communist ideals.

How to explain to a child who Lenin is?

Of course, it will be difficult for a child to understand such words as "revolution" and "proletariat". But some parents find it normal to tell a five-year-old that it is leader of the world proletariat. Others slide into uninformative negativity, telling how he “destroyed the empire”, etc.

It is better to say instead of lengthy definitions that Lenin is a former head of state or president . Almost all children already perfectly understand the meanings of these words. If the child seems a little, then you can add that grandfather Lenin lived a very long time and everyone respected him .

Many years after the revolution, there are still both ardent opponents of Ilyich and his staunch supporters. Surely some have heard arguments on public transport about how good or bad Lenin is. This is especially true for older people.

It is better for a modern person to perceive Lenin as one of the great politicians, even if he had his own obvious shortcomings and sometimes made not entirely moral political decisions.

Video: recording of Lenin's speech

In this video, Lenin will make a fiery speech to the workers of the machine-building industry of the USSR:

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a politician and revolutionary. He was born in 1870 in Simbirsk. Throughout his life he founded many parties of the Soviet Union. He graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium, and entered Kazan University. There he studied for a short time. He was expelled due to participation in the student movement. After here in Kazan, he became a member of the Marxist circle. In 1983, in St. Petersburg, he took up journalism, began to study social democracy and political economy. In 1895 he went abroad, and some time later founded the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class party.

Because of his deeds, he was exiled to the Yenisei province. Here he met his future wife N. Krupskaya. He devoted a lot of time to writing his works. His writings were based on how he sees the party. In 1900, Lenin's punishment ended, and he went to live in the city of Pskov. Collaborating with social activists, he started the publishing house of the Iskra newspaper and the Zorya magazine. During the revolution, in 1907, Lenin was in Switzerland. Many party members were arrested. Lenin continued his activities and prepared a new uprising and demonstrations. He led the proletarian revolution, but he had to go into hiding, as his arrest was announced. Later he became the head of the new leadership of the Council of People's Commissars.

In 1917 the revolution was over, Lenin concluded a peace treaty with Germany and became the founder of the Red Army.

Lenin changed the economy of the state and directed all his forces to the development of agriculture, he also founded a new state - the USSR. Lenin died on January 21, 1924, due to deteriorating health. After his death, monuments dedicated to Lenin were erected in many cities, libraries were opened, streets were named after him. Lenin's body is kept in the Moscow mausoleum.

Brief biography of Lenin for children.

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