State register of scientific discoveries of the USSR. "National Economy of the USSR State Register of Fruits of the USSR for 1960

] Responsible for the release of L.A. Umansky.
(Moscow: Publishing House "Finance and Statistics", 1987. - State Committee of the USSR on Statistics)
Scan, OCR, processing, Htm format: Efremov, 2012; Scan, processing, Djv format: ???, provided by: Mikhail, 2013

• SUMMARY:
  Preface (3).
  MAIN INDICATORS OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR FOR 70 YEARS OF SOVIET POWER
  The scale of creation (5).
  World Renewal (28).
  Building the foundations of a new society (32).
  Implementation of the Leninist plan for the construction of socialism (33).
  The economy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (43).
  Restoration and further development of the national economy (47).
  The development of the national economy in 1961-1985. (49).
  Course - acceleration (52).
  1986 - Perestroika in action (56).
  INTENSIFICATION OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION
  Science and technological progress (60).
  The material and technical base of the national economy, its technical re-equipment and reconstruction (100).
  Efficiency in the use of labor resources (107).
  Resource saving (112).
  Improvement of management and economic mechanism (115).
  DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL PRODUCTION
  Gross social product and national income (122).
  Industry (125).
  Fuel and energy complex (161).
  Metallurgical complex (164).
  Machine building complex (166).
  Chemical-forest complex (176).
  Construction complex industry (184).
  Production of consumer goods (186).
  Agro-industrial complex (200).
  Crop production (222).
  Livestock (253).
  Food industry (268).
  Capital investments and supplies of material resources (274).
  Forestry (285).
  Agricultural enterprises (287).
  Personnel in the agro-industrial complex (300).
  Labor productivity in the agro-industrial complex (311).
  Capital construction (316).
  Transport and communications (340).
  Rail transport (343).
  Maritime transport (348).
  River transport (350).
  Main pipeline transport (353).
  Road transport (354).
  Urban passenger electric transport (363).
  Air transport (368).
  Communication (370).
  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF LIVING STANDARDS OF THE PEOPLE
  Population and labor resources (373).
  Use of national income (430).
  Wages and incomes of the population (431).
  Providing the population with goods and services (449).
  Housing (508).
  Public education and culture (523).
  Health protection (585).
  NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
  Earth (607).
  Subsoil (608).
  Forest protection (610).
  Rational use and protection of water resources (612).
  Air basin (614).
  Security environment in the area of ​​Lake Baikal (616).
  Costs for environmental protection measures and commissioning of facilities (618).
  FINANCE AND CREDIT (620).
  FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF THE USSR
  Foreign trade of the USSR (640).
  Cooperation of countries - members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (648).
  Economic and technical assistance to the USSR (650).
  INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
  Development of the USSR and other socialist countries in comparison with the capitalist countries (653).
  Territory and population of the countries of the world 699 Brief methodological explanations of certain statistical indicators given in the yearbook (711).

Publisher's note: The Jubilee Statistical Yearbook contains the most important data on the economic and social development USSR over the years Soviet power characterizing the population, the development of sectors of the national economy, science and technology, the growth of the well-being of the people. Some data characterizing the development of other socialist countries are published. A number of indicators are compared with those of capitalist countries.
For economists, statisticians, scientific, party and economic workers, propagandists.

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The section presents scientific discoveries included in the "State Register scientific discoveries THE USSR". Formulas of discoveries, their popular science description, areas of application, development prospects, information about the authors, numbers and dates of priorities are given. The discoveries are systematized according to the main fields of science:

• COSMOS - atmospheric physics, astrophysics, Sun, Moon, Mars, Venus;
• EARTH - geophysics, geochemistry, ore formation, mineralogy;
• HUMAN, BIOLOGY - medicine, genetics, physiology, biophysics, cytology, oncology, viruses;
• PHYSICS, RADIOACTIVITY - nuclear physics, elementary particles, plasma, fusion, transurans;
• CHEMISTRY, MATERIALS SCIENCE - physical chemistry, electrochemistry, radiochemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry;
• MECHANICS, AUTOMATION, ELECTRONICS - optics, acoustics, ultrasound, magnetism, radar, radio electronics, computers, semiconductors;
• UNIVERSE - scientific discoveries, theories, predictions in the study of the structure and functioning of the Universe.

History of registration and protection of discoveries

Given the great importance of scientific discoveries for the development of culture, science and technology, at the end of the 19th century the world community began to think about the advisability of special protection of scientific discoveries. This question was first formulated at the London Congress of the International Literary and Artistic Association in 1879. Since then, about once a decade, this issue has been discussed at the congresses of this association. But only in 1978. Member countries of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) adopted the Geneva Treaty on the International Registration of Scientific Discoveries. This Treaty assumed the consolidation of authorship and priority of discovery, but it has not entered into force to date (2012).

The international protection of scientific discoveries did not take place, despite the fact that there was already a similar national experience in the countries of the socialist community: the USSR - since 1947, Czechoslovakia - since 1957, Bulgaria - since 1961, Mongolia - since 1970, Cuba - since 1983

in the Soviet Union in 1947. by order of I.V. Stalin, the State Register of Scientific Discoveries was established. For a long time, the register was almost not replenished due to disagreements in the definition of the terms “discovery” and “invention”. In 1955, a special commission was created under the Committee of Scientific and Technical Terminology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which developed an exact definition of the term "scientific discovery" - "the establishment of previously unknown objectively existing patterns, properties and phenomena of the material world, introducing fundamental changes in the level of knowledge." This definition is legally enshrined in the “Regulations on discoveries, inventions and rationalization proposals”, approved at the level of the Council of Ministers of the USSR by Decree No. 584 of August 21, 1973, which is formally valid today due to the fact that no one has canceled it.

The first discovery in the USSR was registered on June 26, 1957. with priority dated March 15, 1947. Over the next 35 years, more than 400 discoveries were registered in the USSR, while the number of applications for discoveries exceeded 12 thousand. In 1961 the right to open was enshrined in the Fundamentals of Civil Legislation and became the same constitutional right of citizens Soviet Union as the right to rest and work. The system of state registration of discoveries ceased to actually operate after the legal division of the USSR in 1991.

See the Documents section for details. Laws. Articles.

The fate of scientific discoveries

Some scientific discoveries registered in the Soviet Union prior to 1991 have taken an unexpected turn. For example, discovery No. 231 (Getmantsev effect) in 1974. served as the basis for the development of climate weapons and the construction of the notorious HAARP system.

Perhaps the most massive - almost global - application received discovery No. 24, which laid the foundation for mobile communications, and now not a single mobile phone in the world can do without the use of physical effect, discovered by Soviet scientists in 1959.

How the "Theft of the Century" was the fate of discovery No. 12, which became the basis for the creation of lasers, which are now used in every computer and on the Internet lines. The authors of the discovery made the most difficult - the first stage on the way to identifying a new physical phenomenon, their priority is documented, but their names were not even included in the Nobel list.

An instructive story happened with discovery No. 101, which served as the basis for the creation of artificial diamonds. Priority in theoretical calculations belongs to our scientist O.I. Leipunsky. The Americans were the first to open the commercial production of artificial diamonds without legal approval from our country. After litigation, the issue was resolved in favor of our country.

Of particular note is discovery No. 122 (the Kaznacheev effect), which marks a new stage in the development of a person's genetically determined potential and helps to reveal extrasensory, telepathic and healing abilities.

The discovery No. 68 of I.N. Yanitsky, which makes it possible on the Earth’s surface to reveal signs of geophysical processes occurring in deep interiors and manifesting itself in earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, etc., acquires exceptional relevance every year. If only in the development of this scientific discovery in a timely manner If adequate resources had been invested, the tragedies at Chernobyl and Fukushima would have been avoided.

The following materials are used in the work on the site:

• "Discoveries. Inventions". Official Bulletins of the Patent Office 1969–1991.
• "Discoveries in the USSR". Collection short descriptions discoveries included in the State Register of Discoveries of the USSR / State. com. on inventions and discoveries at the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR. Moscow. VNIIPI. 1957–1991
• "Discoveries of Soviet scientists". Konyushaya Yu. P. M .: Mosk. worker. 1979
• Journal "Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences". 1967–1990
• Information from the authors of scientific discoveries.
• Information from open sources.